大陆成人直播

 E2025008                                                                        2025-10-20

Ashraf Momtaz

Shiyao Liu

Abstract:
In 2014, Egypt launched the National Anti-Corruption Strategy (NACS) as part of constitutional commitments. To evaluate NACS, we conducted a survey to measure Egyptian residents’ perceived levels of corruption and their personal experiences with corruption. We addressed social desirability bias, which can distort direct survey responses with a list experiment, the first of its kind in Egypt. Analysis of the paradoxical results from the list experiment revealed a violation of the “no design effect” assumption in the Egyptian context. We propose that the cognitive load caused by the irrelevance of control questions to the survey theme may have led to under-reporting of non-sensitive items, resulting in an overestimation of corruption prevalence. This finding complements prior research on design effects in list experiments: unlike underestimates found in Kenya’s list experiment (Kramon and Weghorst, 2019) or bias from inattentive respondents (Blair et al., 2019), Egypt’s data showed overestimates, indicating a different error mechanism. We provided practical advice for conducting list experiments in developing contexts.

Keywords: list experiment, corruption, Egypt, design effect

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